Most of the Americas have suffered from interference from their powerful northern neighbour --and are usually the worse off for it. The US bombardment of Venezuela and the capture of its president, Nicolás Maduro, follow a long history of interventions in South and Central America and the Caribbean over the past two centuries. But they also mark an unprecedented moment as the first direct US military attack on a South American country.
In a related article, the authors explain how US sanctions have caused one of the most severe peacetime economic contractions in modern history, contributing directly to a public health crisis. This economic warfare is a primary driver of the displacement of more than 7 million Venezuelans, creating the Western hemisphere's largest migration crisis.
